Neel Nirjon

To get † symbol use Alt+0134
To get ‡ symbol use Alt+0135
To create the trade mark (™) symbol use Alt+0153
To get bound sterling (£) symbol use Alt+0163
To get the Japanese currency yen (¥) symbol use Alt+0165
To get copy right symbol (©) use Alt+0169
To get registered trade mark symbol (®) use Alt+0174
To get degree symbol (°) use Alt+0176
To show (±) symbol use Alt+0177
To show super script 2 symbol (²) use Alt+0178
To show super script 3 symbol (³) use Alt+0179
To make a center dot symbol (•) use Alt+0183
To describe ¼ use Alt+0188
To describe ½ use Alt+0189
To describe ¾ use Alt+0190

We can create more symbols as same as above. We mostly use the above symbols. To see more combinations of symbols visit at http://home.earthlink.net/~awinkelried/keyboard_shortcuts.html

While your computing is booting, you can instruct the computer to boot in 'safe mode'. Safe mode refers to secure mode. You may then ask, is our computer not secure when we boot normally. Let us see how is safe mode more secure than the normal booting.

When your computer gives problems and you want to identify where is the problem, then you can use the safe mode for this. In safe mode, only limited number of driver programs are enabled. Therefore you cannot use CD drive. You cannot use the printer. And many other unnecessary drivers are not enabled.

While in Safe Mode, you can use the ScanDisk, defrag and other utility programs to repair your computer. You may wonder how to bring the computer to safe mode. When Windows boots up, you have to press the F8 key. You should press the F8 key before the windows screen appears. Then you can choose the safe mode option to boot.

Some Anti virus software will tell you that some viruses can only be removed in safe mode, therefore the antivirus software will automatically start in safe mode or you may have to goto safe mode and then run the virus removal utility to remove the virus.

Is it safe to download skin and themes for my computer?

What is a skin? What is a Theme? Skin is s most often used word by computer users. You may wonder what can be the relation between a computer and skin? What is the meaning of Skin. Now what is the literal meaning of skin. Skin is used to cover our body. Isn't it? Similarly, the term skin in computer is used to refer to the interface or look and feel of any program or application. There are many skins available in the internet that can be downloaded freely.

For instance, some popular media players such as WinAmp, Music Match, Real One or Windows media player have many skins provided by third parties. There are many ways you can download these skins and use it in your computer. In any windows software, from the menu choose 'Options' or 'Preferences'. There you may find the option to 'Change Skin' or 'Change theme'. Not all software will have this feature. If the software has this feature to change skin or theme then you can download your favorite skin or theme and apply it on your software.

For example, if you use Netscape version 6 or higher then select 'View' and click on 'Apply theme' and 'Get New themes'. This will bring you to the 'Theme park'. Here you will see many different skins and themes that can be downloaded. Once downloaded you can apply it to your Netscape software and the whole look and feel will change to the new theme.

But beware of one thing. When you download these free skins and themes from internet, the skin developer may embed the 'spyware or adware' in these skins to spy on your activities or to steal your personal particulars. For example a company that provides skins namely hot bar, openly states in its website that if you download skins from their website they will monitor the which websites you visit, which search engines you use and other details. Just for the sake of a skin, are you willing to share your personal details. Not only that, they will also show advertisements in your computer. Another such company is Neo Planet. In their website they declare that those who download and use their skins, their emails and browsing habits will be collected and shared with their partner companies. These partner companies who get your personal data will then send you SPAM emails selling and advertising their products.

In this world nothing comes free. How can someone give you skins and themes free after spending so much of their time on programming and developing the skin. Who will pay for their programming effort. Their only way to get money is to gather your personal details and sell it to companies.

Therefore, be very cautious and careful while downloading these skins to your computer.

We use internet for many purposes. In many websites we use different login names and passwords. For example, if you use any of the free web emails such as gmail, yahoo or hotmail then you will have to login with your login name and password before accessing your email inbox.

Similarly, if you use any commercial websites for internet shopping such as Amazon or eBay then you may have to use your credit card details before buying online. Only then can you buy online. If we lose credit card related information then we may lose money. If this information falls into the hands of hackers then we are seriously at danger of losing money. This hacker can then use your credit card details to buy anything.

Worse still, if someone uses your login name and password to login to a server and carries out any destructive activities then you will be blamed for that activity. Court trial or penalties or fine may make your life miserable.

The password, credit card details can be stolen from three places.

From your computer, when you type in your browser these key strokes can be captured

Or while this information packets are transmitted from your computer to the server. This is called 'Wiretapping'. Hackers and crackers can easily accomplish this.

From the web server's database. In this database, like your data, many people's information will be stored. If the hacker gains access to these databases then he can get these data.

Of these, the first and the second method of stealing can be prevented by you. The third way of stealing from web server, is not in your hands and you can not do anything to prevent it. Let us see how you can prevent the first two methods of stealing.

The login name, password and credit card details that you type in your browser are sent as text via internet to the web servers. The hackers and crackers can easily read this text. They cannot read it if it is encrypted. This is where Secure Sockets Layers are used.

Whether the web server that you are connecting to, uses SSL to encrypt the data can be found from your browser. For example a 'closed lock' icon will be displayed in the status bar of your browser. If there is not clocl icon in the status bar then those websites do not use SSL and therefore not secure.

In your 'Internet Explorer' choose 'Tools-Internet Options'. In this new dialog box select the 'Advanced' tab. Here, you will see many check boxes under the security section. 1. Use SSL 2.0. 2.Dont save encrypted pages to disk 3. warn if form submitted is being redirected 4. warn if changing between secure and not secure mode. 5. check for server certificated relocation 6. warn about invalid site certificates. See that all these six options are selected.

From now on, the browser will prompt your, whenever you enter/view websites whether that page is secure, and when you type any details, whether the data is encrypted or not.

In login pages, when you key in the first two or three letters of your username, Internet explorer will auto complete the username and password to make it easier for you. But this feature can be a problem if many people are using the same computer. Others may enter into your account just by typing the username and without even knowing your password. So it is better to 'TURN OFF', 'Auto Complete' feature. To do this, select 'Tools-Internet Options'. Choose the 'Content' tab and click the 'Auto complete' button. Click on the 'Clear passwords' button and delete all the stored passwords. If the 'Usernames and passwords on forms' check box is selected then de select it.

Also clear all the cache files from your browser. To do this select 'Tools-Internet Options'. Select the 'General' tab. In the 'Temporary internet files' section click the 'Delete Files' button. Now click on 'Yes' and 'OK'.

Congratulations, now you have reduced the possibility of your passwords to be stolen

VoIP - Voice Over Internet Protocol - is a very popular buzzword in the Internet world.
VoIP makes communication possible without telephone wires, telephone exchanges and even
without telephones. You can make voice calls free of charge or at a minimal charge over
internet.

If VoIP can give the same quality and standard of voice as in normal telephones then
there will not be any need for telephone exchanges any more. People will change to free
or cheaper VoIP alternative sooner or later.

The VoIP service is available in two types. Free service and cheap service. Skype is a
free VoIP service. While services such as Phonewala, HCL, sathyam provide payable VoIP
service. You can download Skype software from www.skype.com .

In payable VoIP service PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) plays a part. Therefore
you can call any other phone number through this service. The called person may have
subsribed to the VoIP service or maynot have subscribed to the VoIP service, you can
still make calls to him. Generally the subscribers of the same VoIP service provider can
talk with each other freely. The free VoIP service does not use PSTN. Therefore if you
are using the Free VoIP service then you cannot call other telephone numbers and vice
versa. But you can use the free VoIP service to talk with each other using computers
conencted to the internet.

Ok, now you have decided to try and use VoIP. What are the requirements to use VoIP?
You computer should have sound card, Microphone and speakers. If you have a headphone
then it is better. And then you should have internet connection. Broadband connection is
better.

In 1999, Internet Society, introduced the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). SIP protocol
is used to find out whether the computer that you want to call is currently connected to
the internet and is available for making a call. Even internet phones use this SIP
protocol.

Earlier I mentioned that using VoIP you can make free calls between computer to computer. You can also make phone calls from your computer to another phone but at a cheaper rate than the normal phone charges.

If you compare VoIP calls to a normal phone to phone call, it is like comparing the quality of a mobile call and a land line call. Many agree that the quality of a land line to land line call is better than the mobile to mobile call. Similarly the quality of the VoIP calls as compared to phone to phone call is slightly below standard. In VoIP, your voice is converted to digital signals and packed into small data packets and then sent over internet. There is no guarantee that these data packets will be received in the same order in which it was sent. The data packets may get mixed. Therefore in order to get all the data packets and arrange them in order it may take some time and hence there may be delay. This is called 'Jitter'.

If some data packets take too long to arrive then the routers may reject these packets. This will cause 'Packet Loss'. Therefore the speech may be intermittent and sometimes irritable.

And some argue that VoIP is crackable and crackers may evesdrop to these data packets and listen to your conversations. But even normal telephones can be tapped. The VoIP technology is fast evolving and some VoIP providers use Public Key Encryption to encrypt the data packets and hence cannot be cracked.

To read more about VoIP and to download some free VoIP software visit m-indya.com.

Have you noticed that the CDs that you buy or the CDs that comes with books runs automatically when you insert the CD into your CD drive. This is because of the 'Autorun' facility in the CDs.

But using this Auto Run feature you can only execute executable programs. Therefore the webpages and any other files cannot be opened automatically using Autorun.

Imagine that you want to copy the powerpoint presentation that you created or the Word document into a CD and pass it to your friend. Will it not be nice if the powerpoint presentation or the document opens automatically when the friend inserts the the CD into his computer?

Now every computer comes with a CD writer. You may wonder whether the CDs that you create using your CD writer can use the Autorun facility. Yes you can.

You have to create a file named 'autorun.inf'. You can create this file using a normal notepad. You have to copy this file in the root folder of the CD. If you want to use any icon then you can also copy an icon file into the root folder.

How to execute an executable file in a CD automatically.

For example assume that you have a myprogram.exe file and myicon.ico file. And you want to run myprogram.exe file automatically when the CD is inserted

Keep both these files in the same folder.

Open a notepad and type these three lines in the notepad

(autorun)
open=myprogram.exe
icon=myicon.ico

save this file as 'autorun.inf'.

If your executable file is not in the root folder then you have to specify the full path. (eg. open=myfoler/myprogram.exe)

To create autorun cds for non executable files

If your file is not an executable file like .xls, .doc, .htm, .html, .mp3, .wma, .wav, .mpg, .avi, .jpg, .bmp, .zip or any other file then how to write the autorun.inf file.

Let us assume that you have index.htm file as the autorun file. Then the autorun.inf file will be as follows:

(autorun)
open=start index.htm
icon=myicon.ico

In this case when you insert the CD, a small black window will open and close very fast and then you will see the index.htm file in Internet Explorer.

If you do not want the dos window to open then create the autorun.inf file as below:

(autorun)
shellexecute=index.htm
icon=myicon.ico

However the shellexecute will not work in Windows 98 or older versions. It will work in Windows XP and the newer versions of Windows. In earlier versions you can use the DOS batch file. So you will have one more file autorun.bat in addition to autorun.inf

(autorun)
open=autorun.bat index.htm
icon=myicon.ico

and the autorun.bat file will as follows:

echo off
"start % 1
"exit

How to use autorun.exe

In the above example we used two files autorun.bat and autorun.inf. However the use of autorun.bat is not a wise option. Because a batch files cannot handle errors.

Therefore you can use the free autorun.exe instead of autorun.bat

autorun.exe file is provided by Tarma software research freely. Anybody can use this software. You can download autorun.exe from www.tarma.com/products/index.htm . Download this file and copy it to the root folder of the copied CD.

The autorun.inf file should be as follows:

(autorun)
open=autorun.exe index.htm
icon=myicon.ico

These days we hear a lot about broadband Internet connection. In this article we will discuss the basics of broadband and tips to choose the right broad band plan for your home or office.

What is Broadband?

The definition of a broadband connection may differ between different countries. But generally you can say that any Internet connection with a minimum speed of 256Kbps and above can be considered as a broadband connection.

In a 'Dialup' connection, we dialup whenever we need to connect to the Internet and then close the connection when we have finished using the Internet.

But you can connect your computer to Internet 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. In other words it is 'Always On'. Broadband connection is an always on connection. Your computer will be always connected to the Internet.

While using a dialup connection the maximum speed of the connection is only 56Kbps. Moreover when you are connected to the Internet using your phone dialup line, you cannot make or receive phone calls.

Broadband may be available in your area in any of these forms, Copper, Fiber Optics, cable, ADSL, IP VPN or Wireless.

What you need to ask before choosing your broadband provider.

• Which broadband technology the provider is using
  
• What is the monthly subscription and what is the one time set up fee
  
• What is the speed of the broadband? Most of them just tell you the download speed. Ask them about the upload speed also.
  
• What is the bandwidth allowed? That means how much data can be downloaded or uploaded. If there is a limit then what is the charges for additional data usage.
  
• Is free email provided? If yes what is the storage capacity
  
• What software and hardware are required to use that broadband connection. Is the hardware proprietary or can be bought from anywhere?
  
• Is the installation free or you have to do it yourself
  
• What are other conditions such as contracts etc.
  
• What is the support provided?

We measure size of files created in computer by kilobytes, megabytes. We measure modems speed by bits. Let’s see what they denote and let’s see some difference between them.

BIT: In the computer-associated measures this is the smallest one. No file can be in the measures of bits; its value is 0 or 1.
BYTE: combinations of 8 bits are called one byte. To create a file that containing one byte of data is very hard.
KILOBYTE (KB): proximately it has 1024 bytes of combinations. While downloading a file from net we denote it by the units of kilobytes.
MEGABYTE (MB): combinations of 1,048,576 bytes (or) 1024 kilobytes are called 1 megabyte.
GIGABYTE (GB): combinations of 1024 megabytes are called 1 gigabyte. This unit denotes capacity of hard disk.
Now we can fix this unit to some more devices.

* We can store 1.44 MB of data’s into a 3.25 inch floppy.
* In a compact disk we can store 650 to 700 MB data’s. But we won’t completely utilize the space available in cd.one cd contains the space equals to 450 3.25 inch floppy.
* A 20 gigabyte hard disk contains the space equal to 31 cd’s.(i.e.)14,222 floppy’s data.
* In an ordinary dial up connection .it takes 7 to 10 min’s for download a 1 Mega byte file.
* A normal single text page will be in 4 KB when it is changed as a file.

To find the size of a file, just right click on it .now you got a menu and then select the “PROPERTIES” from it. Now you got the size of that particular file.

We search for lots of information on the internet. But it is not necessary that others know about this. Whenever you visit any website this information is captured and stored in your computer in the form of 'cache', 'cookie', 'history', and 'windows registry'. There is a danger due to this. Whoever uses the same computer after you have used can find out which websites you have been visiting. If you have a personal computer that no one else will ever use, then you don't have to worry much about this. But if your home or office computer is shared then you better clear this history. In this tutorial let us see how to completely remove the recently visited websites from your computer.

1. Cache Folder
   
   Every time you visit a website, every browser has the functionality to store the images, websites, urls etc in your hard disk somewhere in the temporary folders. This is useful to save bandwidth. When you visit the same website again, instead of downloading all the images again, the browser will retrieve them from the temporary folders from your hard disks and therefore increasing the speed and saving internet bandwidth. So when you finish browsing you can clear these temporary folders. This temporary folder is usually referred to as Cache. The exact location of this folder will differ based on the browser you are using. For instance if you use Internet explorer then this cache is located in the 'Temporary Internet Files' folder under your c:\Windows folder.
   You can either delete from this folder or you can delete it from your browser. Goto Tools-> Internet Options. Under the General tab click 'Delete Files' button.
   

2. History
   
   All the browsers also store the urls of every website you visit. This is used to show the address of the site on the 'Address Bar' when you start typing the first few letters of the websited address, the browser will take from the history and prompt you for the full address. This makes your job easier so that you need not type the full address every time. But if you want to hide the sites you visit then you have to remove this history also. Internet explorer stores this history in a folder called 'History' under c:\Windows folder.
   
   Or you can delete history from your browser. Goto Tools-> Internet OPtions. Select the 'General' tab and click on 'Clear History' button. In the confirmation dialog box select 'OK'. This will clear your history.
   

3. Cookies
   
   Whenever you visit websites, some information about you and some information about that website is stored in your computer's hard disk. When you visit the same site again, the information stored in this cookie file will be read to identify you. This is especially useful for sites that can personlize the site for you and displays messages such as 'welcome your_name' etc. But this cookie also stores the name of the site you visit so you should also delete these cookies if you want to hide the sites you visited.
   
   To delete cookies, goto Tools->Internet Options. And click on 'Delete Cookies' button. Or you can choose the security tab and click on 'Custom Level' button to disable or enable cookies.
   

4. Registry
   
   Another place in which the websites you visited are stored is the windows registry. It is not advisible to modify registries if you are not sure how to use them. Only those who are confident and willing to take risk should touch the registry. Click on 'Start->Run' and type 'regedit' and press enter. The windows registry will open. Now click on 'Edit->find' and type 'URL History'. In the right hand side you can see a list of website addresses that you visited. You can select them one by one and delete them. programs, viruses and hackers.

Transferring files in Internet is one of the many facilities Internet provides us. You may be aware that files can be downloaded using HTTP or FTP. Now you can use the 'Bit Torrent' protocol to send and receive files.

Bit Torrent protocol functions in a peer-to-peer method. One person can enter into another person's computer and send are receive files. That is why this type of computers are called 'Peer's. But there is a server required to make all these computers work together. This server is called 'Tracker'.

The tracker just monitors the connections between the peers. Other than that the tracker does not know which files are being transferred between peer computers. Therefore the tracker needs a very little bandwidth to monitor a huge number of peers.

When someone uploads a file from his computer to another computer, he can also download a file from another computer simultaneously.

How Bit Torrent works?

Let us see how Bit Torrent works with an example. A few people are seated in a room. Let us consider that all these people need a complete copy of all the pages in a book. Person A says that he has pages 1-15, 29, 36-40, 55, 74-89 and 94-100. Let us assume that these pages are not with persons B, C, D, E and F. Immediately they contact A and get a copy of all these pages. Now person B announces that he has pages 17-24,32,34,41-50,57,60-70 and 90-93. Then the rest of the persons will get copies of these pages from B.

Likewise all the persons announce the pages each of them have. Those who do not have a page they will get the page from the respective persons

Very soon, all the persons in the room will have all the pages of the book. In that group a person named 'K' will be present. He will have all pages of the book. You may ask why not all A,B,C,D and E get all pages for K directly. But if all of them connect to K at the same time then they can just be receivers not senders.

Instead, if A,B,C,D and E share pages from each other then they can be both senders and receivers.

Therefore if everyone needs everything then everyone should be both receivers and senders. This is exactly the method used by Bit Torrent.

K is called 'Seed' in Bit Torrent.

What is special about Bit Torrent?

Generally, HTTP and FTP protocols in Internet use the client-server architecture. Here the client computer will just connect to the server computer. One client will not connect to another client. When many clients connect to the server the speed of the server will slow down. Both installation and usage of client-server is very easy.

Peer-to-peer method was introduced as an alternative to Client-server architecture. Grutella, eDonkey, Kazaa etc used peer-to-peer architecture. Whoever is connected to the network can send or receive files from any computer in the network. When a computer sends some files to another computer it functions as a server and when it receives a file from another computer it functions as a client.

Since a file can be shared between any file and not shared from a central server there is no way to track which files are being transferred. Therefore many started sharing illegal audio and video files using these peer-to-peer software. Peer to Peer software enables speedy transfer of files.

Bit Torrent method uses the best features of Peer-to-Peer and Client-server architectures. Computers get the different parts of a file from the 'seed' and then the computers share these parts of the file from other computers and completes the file.

How to get Bit Torrent software?

Bit Torrent is an open source software. Many versions of Bit Torrent which can run on Windows, Linux, Unix or Mac are available.

In Windows there are many Bit Torrent software such as The shadow's experimental client, burst, ABC (Another BitTorrent Client), Simple BT are some of them.

You can download bit torrent software from www.bitconjuver.org/BitTorrent or www.bittorrent.com

Internet has become part and parcel of our lives. Not only for individuals but even for a country's economic growth, scientific growth, organizations' success, Internet is very essential. The companies that offer these internet connections are called ISPs (Internet Service Providers). These ISPs offer many different internet connection plans. How to select the best connection plan for home use or for offices? The following tips will give you an overview of different types of internet connections, their advantages and disadvantages.

PSTN Dialup

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) dialup uses your phone connection to connect your computer to the internet. You need a modem, phone line and a computer for a PSTN dial up connection.

Advantages of PSTN dial up

1. This is the basic internet connection and all the ISPs provide this type of dial up.
2. To install PSTN dialup and to use it is very cheap and affordable.

Disadvantages of PSTN dial up

1. The speed of a typical PSTN modem is 56KBPS. Therefore the speed of the internet connection will be slower than this.
2. During the time you are connected to the internet, you have to pay the telephone charges.
3. While you are connected to the internet you cannot use your telephone to call anyone because you are using that phone line for connecting to the internet. You also will not receive any calls from outside during this time.

ISDN dialup

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) dialup uses a higher end digital telephone line to dial up. To use this type of connection you need ISDN telephone line, computer and a 'Terminal Adapter'.

Advantages of an ISDN dialup

1. While you are connected to internet using ISDN dialup connection you can use your ISDN phone to make phone calls simultaneously.
2. When you are making phone calls while connected to the internet then the speed of internet will be 64KBPS.
3. If you are using the ISDN phone line just for internet then the speed of internet will be 128KBPS.

Disadvantages of ISDN dialup

1. Not every place has ISDN connection.
2. Even if your place has this facility, it is expensive to get an ISDN dialup connection from your ISP.
3. Not all the ISPs provide ISDN dialup plan.

Leased Line Internet Plan

In both ISDN dialup and PSTN dialup you need to dial up from your computer before getting connected to the internet. And you close this connection when you no longer need internet connection. If you need a continuous connection 24 hours of the day and 7 days a week then you need a 'Leased Line' also known as 'dedicated line'. This type of permanent connection is called 'Always On'.

Advantages of Leased Line

1. You get 'Always on' connection 24 hours every day.
2. The speed of the internet ranges from 2.4 KBPS to 2G based on your subscription.

Disadvantages of Leased Line

1. The disadvantages of a leased line is that it is very expensive.
2. Since your computer is always connected to the internet your computer is exposed to many vulnerabilities such as viruses and spywares. So you may need to secure your computer using firewall and Antivirus software

DSL

1. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) also uses a normal PSTN phone line. But using DSL you can use both internet and phone simultaneously. Therefore many prefer DSL to PSTN dial up.

Advantages of DSL

1. The speed of DSL connection is fast. 64 KBPS, 512 KBPS, 1.5MBPS and higher speed can be achieved in DSL connections.
2. DSL also provides 'Always On' connection 24 hours a day always.
3. You can also use your phone while using internet

Disadvantages of DSL

1. More expensive
2. You need an ADSL modem to connect but the distance between this modem and your computer cannot be more than 18,000 feet.

Consider you have created a personal website with some useful information for others to see. This website will be useful only if other people visit your website. How to make other people visit your site. This article discusses about how to promote your site.

How can you make your website address known to everybody. To your friends and relatives it is possible to tell your website address directly to them. You may even distribute notices in your town. But how to tell your website address to the whole world. This is where the Search Engines come in handy.

Almost everyone uses Search engines to search for information or products in the Internet. Then the search engine will display a list of website results based on the searched keyword. If your website is in this result returned by search engines then people will visit your website from around the world.

There are at present billions of websites today. In each website there will be atleast ten pages. Some websites will have many pages. So the website you create is just one of these so many websites.

Therefore when the search engine returns results, if your website is not listed in the first four pages of the results then chances of people visiting your site is less. So you have to create your site such that it appears in the first four pages of the search engine results. For this you need to optimize your website for search Engines. This is called SEO (Search Engine Optimization). To learn SEO techniques, first you need to understand how search engines operate.

How does Search Engines identify and index your website.

Search engines use programs such as Spider, Web Crawlerm Robo, Bot etc for finding and indexing websites. These programs will keep searching for new websites and read the content of the pages in the websites and understand what these pages are about and index those pages accordingly.

It may take some time for the search engines to find your website. If you cannot wait for the search engines to find you then you can tell the search engines about your website and the search engines will send its spider program to crawl your site and index your pages based on their content.

Use of Meta tags in your web pages is one of the most easiest and effective method to tell search engines about your webpage and its content. Those who know HTML language will know about HTML Tags. If you are not familiar with thest tags then below are some tips on using meta tags in your web pages

How to use Meta tags?

The meta tags contain attributes such as 'Name', and 'Description'. The Name attribute can take values such as 'Description' or 'Keywords'. While the 'Description' attribute will have details about keywords and description.

Assume that you do Real estate business and you have created a webpage regarding this. The tips given below will explain how you can effectively use the Meta tags in your webpage.



As you can see the description tag uses the most relevant keywords of your webpage and describes the content of the page for search engines to describe your webpage in search results and also for indexing.



The keywords meta tag is to list the keywords in your webpage.

You can add your website for search engines to crawl your site. For this you need to submit your site details to search engines. Some of the most popular search engines are Google, Yahoo and MSN. You can use the links given below to submit your website.

Yahoo: http://submit.search.yahoo.com/free/request

Google: www.google.com/addurl.html

MSN: http://submit.bcentral.com/msnsubmit.htm

Other than search engines, you can also submit your site to directories such as DMOZ and Yahoo directory. You can visit www.dmoz.org to list your site under appropriate directory. You can also generate money from your website. Now the easiest and hottest internet marketing method is by using google adsense

For one computer to connect to another computer and transfer information, the IP address of that computer should be known. This IP Address is made of numbers. The 32 Bit IP address is divided into 4 sections of 8 bits each separted by a '.' (dot). Each 8 bit is called an Octet. The value of each Octet will vary between 0 to 255.

For example, 203.116.56.34 is an IP address. As you can see there are four sections each separated by a dot.

Name Vs Number

If someone asks you whose phone number is 98343453 you may not know it. But instead if someone asks you whether you know 'John peters' immediately you will remember your friend. The reason is names are easier to remember than numbers. This is human nature.

In internet, there is a need to connect to a lot of different computers daily. If you have to remember the IP address of each computer in the internet, it is impossible. Because IP Address is made of numbers.

That's why, computer scientists decided to give a name to each of these IP addresses. These computer names that represent IP addresses are called 'Domain Names'. For example, www.yahoo.com is a domain name. It is easy to remember a name. Isn't it?

Every computer that connects to the internet has a unique IP Address. Most of the computers especially servers will have a domain name.

DNS - Domain Name System

If you need to connect to a computer in the internet, you can use the IP address of that computer or the Domain Name of that computer.

But the computers need just the IP addresses. For our own convenience we use domain names. Therefore when we use the domain name, for example www.yahoo.com, our computer will first find out the IP address of this domain name and then uses the IP address to connect to it.

Let us assume that the IP address of the computer that you want to connect to is 123.232.231.132 and the domain name of this computer is www.xyz.com .

Now you connect to Internet, open your browser and key in the IP address 123.232.231.132 in the address bar and 'Enter'. The browser will immediately connect to the computer because the computer knows how to use the IP address.

Now imagine that you typed the domain name www.xyz.com instead of the IP address in the browser. What the computer needs is the IP address not the domain name. Therefore the browser will try to find the IP address for the domain www.xyz.com . For this purpose it will contact the DNS (Domain Name System) server. The DNS server will find the IP address of that domain and will return the IP address to your browser. Then your computer will use that IP address to connect to that computer.

If you type the IP address, the browser will access that site immediately. If you type the domain name, there will be slight delay because the browser has to connect to DNS server first to determine the IP address. If for some reasons this DNS server is down or there is not DNS entry for that domain, then that domain name or website address will not be accessible.

Whenever an error occurs in an operating system or any important programs or whenever system collapses. The question arising is, is there any boot disk? Some people ask booting disk! What is this all about? Others feel for not creating such things.
To avoid you from facing this problem I am giving this tip.

What is boot disk?

A boot disk & booting disk is all the same. These are not different. Basically the disks that consist of programs, which help a computer to function and startup, are called a boot disk. Mostly the computer boots from their hard disk only. We go for boot disk only when there is the problem in the hard disk. A boot disk can be a floppy disk, ACD, or DVD. For a boot disk to perform its function it should consist of files. Computer should know to understand and accept this files. The disk should consist of all O/S files or at least essential O/S files.

When and how you will use boot disk?

Whenever the operating system or the files of operating system in hard drive does not get loaded properly in to the memory, we use boot disk. How this happens? This happens when the system is not able to read OS files in the hard drive due to data blocks or due to some other error. The data block can be remove using the disk repair or the hard drive can be formatted and the operating system can be reinstalled.
Our friends suggest reformatting the disk whenever small errors are taking place. But before reformatting think carefully and act.

First of all what is formatting?

We can see what happens when it is done. When we start to reformat. Its start from the hard disk of the computer. We here only important information in the computer is saved. Any way it becomes like clean state after you have reformatted. Some people would reformat their disk ones in 6 months or a year. This is the good idea but not essential one as some IT companies will provide boot disk or installation CD this will help us to reformat, because of this computer attains the state when it first came to you whenever you can do a reformat whenever or program crashes without any explanation and the computer collapses and all or measures to repair it fails you can reformat. There are 5 stages in the reformatting. I will explain the basic stages here.

1. First of all you have to take a backup of all the files in the hard drive of or computer. Here the files means not only that data files and also program files, application files, software files, the favorite website addresses and e-mail are to be back up. You have to remove the unwanted files from you are system no need of back up such unwanted files.
2. Next you have to create a boot disk in the case of you don’t have boot disk. You have to select the boot disk as floppy or CD according to your computer and check the boot disk it correct or not because its important for next stage.
3. In the third stage is little more confused don’t work. It’s easy when we understand .In this stage we have to reformat and partition the hard disk partition means dividing the hard disk for our facility. Due to this we can handle the drive partitions. Depends upon our file types. When we reformat the drive the files and in formations are fully deleted, so that only we create the back up. When we partition the hard disk its ready to get the files.
4. The major part of formatting the hard disk is finishes after that we have to installed all the programs first of all we have to install OS for that we should have installation CD feed the CD into the drive and install. It as per the commands
After that you have to install the programs and copy the files from your back up. After finishing this you get a Internet connection to view your favorite website and listen music your hard drive get new look you can use your computer as new.
5. The above all basic hints only it explain the common stages in the process.
Do you want to know briefly you can get it from websites? It contains more explanation and pictures. Down load it to read.

Some readers says that while is inserting flash drive in USB port. The system didn’t recognize it how could we overcome it.

First of all we should know the two types of USB ports.

USB 1.1: This is the first type of USB. It designed as per the speed of transferring 1.5mb/sec data’s. This is designed instead of serial and parallel port for the use of USB port. This is basically used only for connecting mouse and keyboard. System would be struggled for data overloading.

USB 2.0: This kind of USB ports is used for large scale into data transfer. More readers ask that how to identify these two kind of USB ports. To identify the model use the following commands. Start=>My computer=> properties. And click Hardware tab after than select Device Manager. Now you got the list. In that list select the plus symbol that is located after “Universal Serial Bus controllers” if your system have USB 1.1 mean it displays as “Host controller (or) Open Host Controller”. Else USB 2.0 is used mean it displays like.” Enhanced host controller (or) USB 2.0 controller.

Your windows operating system says that the connected USB get speeded. When you are connecting the high speed USB to logo speed USB port of the system, but most of the reader saying that while connecting the USB device to the system. The device was not getting detected. Commonly while inserting an USB device to the system. Window XP will say new hardware found. This message will display in the hard disk. While inserting the USB device it will get auto play, and enquire whether to open the files as file (Or) audio format (Or) video format? It assigns a drive letter for it. If all the details mentioned above had not displayed means the inserted device had not matched with your operating system. You can solve this by doing below.

Go to Start => control panel =>Administrative Tools and click in administrative tool. After that double click on Computer Management.
In that left side select Disk Management, at the right side a drive displays with the name of a removable drive. This is the drive thus containing to same name of already using drive.
To change it right click on the while bar then a got a list.
Now select “change drive letters and paths”.
Now you can select the letter that you want. Click the “change” option.
The letter that you selected it should be already used one.
After finishing this you should get a warning message.
Now click ok to it.
Now close the computer management console while clicking the My computer icon.
You can see the USB drive’s letter.

We face more problems on problem on using USB port. Some part may become in accessible due to the power shortage of computer. These kinds of problems happen on USB 1.1 ports only. These problems happen only on windows 2000 and the before edition while getting these kind of problems. We just disconnect the instruments after that connect one by one.

Now a days the new version computer consists of at-least four USB ports. Two ports are fixed in backside and the remaining two parts are fixed in front side. Windows XP packages will manage these ports without any problems.

While we working in computer you may get a black blank screen with white words at that time we get confusion about, whether the file, which is not saved, may get erased so we restart the system. At that time we won’t get tension just read the message and follow the action. These errors are happening with out the CPU knowledge, some of the errors and reasons and how to avoid this are given below.

This program is not responding End now cancel

These types of errors are occurring while we get transfer the data’s frequently from program to computer. If the program got crash means you got the message as End now/ Cancel. These errors are occurs on old type of computers. When we use our pcs on hard task we got this message at that time you may click Cancel and got continue on program else press End Now and got close the program and open once again it to work.

Non system disk or disk error. Replace and press any key when ready

When computer can’t get read the booting disk at the time you got this error message. If you may not take the floppy from the CPU means you may go this problem. So you would take away the system and restart the system. If you wont get cure means switch off the current and open the CPU cabin and find whether any cables get disconnected means connect it even though you may no got cure means bring your computer to a hardware mechanic.

An Exception OE has occurred

For each program it may need memory these memory are allocated by the computer automatically. When a program access the unauthorized memory these type of errors are displayed, if you got these type of errors frequently occur means you may get delete the recently installed file either if we change any setup means re modify it. This process is called as System Restore.

An error has occurred in your program to keep working anyway, click ignore and save your work to a new file. To quit this program click close.

If you got any bug errors on running program mean you got these message. You may also continue running the program even these error displayed now you give ignore and save the file into new name. Because the old file can be get corrupt.

Duplicate name exists

These type of message displays on the networking, because in network each system contain separate names so if any tow system have same name means it will display it. Without the separate we wont access the network at once you right click the My computer icon and select Computer name => change and give the new name to it and use the computer.

A runtime error has occurred. Do you wish to debug?

You got these message while using internet explorer these error are happen due to the website that you have accessing it. You wont debug it debugging is software developer work. If you want to avoid this messages means do the following steps. Go to Tools => Internet options => Advanced => Browsing => Disable script debugging and put a tick mark on it

The margins of section ... are set outside the printable area of the page. Do you want to continue? in Word

Some printers work print on full page they take margin space on four types. If you got about message in Microsoft word means please give No and go to document page setup and change the margin and paper size and also view print preview before printing through this way we can avoid this error.